25 June 2020 - The illegal wildlife trade is a major transnational organised crime, which generates billions of criminal proceeds each year. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has conducted a new study to provide guidance to countries on measures they can take to combat money laundering from the illegal wildlife trade.

當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2020年6月25日報(bào)道。非法販賣野生動(dòng)物（IWT）是一項(xiàng)重大的跨國有組織犯罪，每年產(chǎn)生的犯罪收益高達(dá)數(shù)十億美元。金融行動(dòng)特別工作組（FATF）進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)新的研究，為各國采取措施打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物領(lǐng)域的洗錢活動(dòng)提供指引。

Wildlife traffickers exploit weaknesses in the financial and non-financial sectors, to move, hide and launder their proceeds, enabling further wildlife crimes and damaging financial integrity. One of the most effective ways to identify the broader criminal networks and take the profit out of this crime, is to follow the financial trails of wildlife traffickers.

野生動(dòng)物販運(yùn)者利用金融和非金融行業(yè)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)來轉(zhuǎn)移、隱藏和清洗犯罪收益，這使野生動(dòng)物犯罪進(jìn)一步加劇，并破壞金融體系完整性。要想找出更廣泛的犯罪網(wǎng)絡(luò)并使其無法從中獲利，最有效的方法之一就是跟蹤野生動(dòng)物販運(yùn)者的金融線索。

Despite the significant criminal gains involved, countries and private sector are not prioritising efforts to trace and combat financial flows from this trade in line with risk. To combat the financial flows from the illegal wildlife trade, countries should therefore as a priority:

盡管所涉犯罪收益數(shù)額巨大，但各國政府和私營部門并未根據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況優(yōu)先開展追蹤和打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流的行動(dòng)。因此，為了打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流，各國政府應(yīng)當(dāng)優(yōu)先開展以下行動(dòng)：

·         Identify and assess their money laundering risks relating to the illegal wildlife trade.

·         識別和評估該國面臨的與非法販賣野生動(dòng)物有關(guān)的洗錢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

·         Ensure that national laws and powers for law enforcement allow authorities to go after the finances of wildlife traffickers, and to pursue financial investigations.

·         確保國家法律和執(zhí)法權(quán)力允許當(dāng)局追查野生動(dòng)物販運(yùn)者的資金流，并進(jìn)行金融調(diào)查。

The private sector also has an important role to play in combatting financial flows from IWT. This study therefore identifies good practices and risk indicators to assist private sector and countries to identify potential suspicious financial activity for the illegal wildlife trade.

私營部門在打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流方面也可以發(fā)揮重要作用。因此，本研究查明了好的做法和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)，以幫助私營部門和各國政府識別潛在的非法販賣野生動(dòng)物可疑金融活動(dòng)。

This is the FATF’s first global report on this topic. It draws on inputs and case studies from over 50 countries from across the FATF Global Network and observers, as well as civil society and the United for Wildlife (UfW) Financial Taskforce.

作為FATF關(guān)于非法販賣野生動(dòng)物的首份全球報(bào)告，本報(bào)告借鑒了FATF全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)和觀察員組織50多個(gè)國家、以及社會(huì)團(tuán)體和野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)聯(lián)盟（UfW）金融特別工作組的意見和案例研究。

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

執(zhí)行摘要

1. The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is a major transnational organised crime, which generates billions of criminal proceeds each year. IWT fuels corruption, threatens biodiversity, and can have a significant negative impact on public health and the economy. To move, hide and launder their proceeds, wildlife traffickers exploit weaknesses in the financial and non-financial sectors, enabling further wildlife crimes and damaging financial integrity. Despite this, jurisdictions rarely investigate the financial trail left by this crime.

1、非法販賣野生動(dòng)物（IWT）是一項(xiàng)重大的跨國有組織犯罪，每年產(chǎn)生的犯罪收益高達(dá)數(shù)十億美元。非法販賣野生動(dòng)物滋生腐敗，威脅生物多樣性，并可能對公共衛(wèi)生和經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生重大負(fù)面影響。野生動(dòng)物販運(yùn)者利用金融和非金融行業(yè)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)來轉(zhuǎn)移、隱藏和清洗犯罪收益，這使野生動(dòng)物犯罪進(jìn)一步加劇，并破壞金融體系完整性。盡管如此，鮮有司法管轄區(qū)調(diào)查野生動(dòng)物犯罪留下的金融線索。

2. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), as the global standard setter on anti-money laundering (AML), countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) and countering proliferation financing (CPF), is concerned about the lack of focus on the financial aspects of this crime, and has conducted this study to support jurisdictions to combat related money laundering. The FATF Standards (i.e. 40 Recommendations) provide a useful framework for jurisdictions to address these threats by strengthening their national laws, policies, and co-operation at the domestic and international level.

2、作為反洗錢、反恐怖融資和反擴(kuò)散融資全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定者，金融行動(dòng)特別工作組（FATF）對各司法管轄區(qū)缺乏對野生動(dòng)物犯罪金融方面的關(guān)注表示關(guān)切，并進(jìn)行了本研究，以支持各司法管轄區(qū)打擊相關(guān)洗錢活動(dòng)。FATF標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（即40項(xiàng)建議）向各司法管轄區(qū)提供了通過強(qiáng)化國內(nèi)法律、政策及國內(nèi)和國際層面的合作來應(yīng)對這些威脅的有用的框架。

3. This is the FATF’s first global report on IWT. It builds on previous studies by two of the FATF-Style Regional Bodies (FSRBs), work by other international bodies and recent initiatives by the private sector. This study by the FATF makes a unique contribution by assessing the money laundering (ML) aspects of wildlife crimes, and by demonstrating how jurisdictions should apply the FATF standards to combat IWT. The findings in this report are based on inputs from around 50 jurisdictions across the FATF Global Network, as well as expertise from the private sector and civil society.

3、作為FATF關(guān)于非法販賣野生動(dòng)物的首份全球報(bào)告，本報(bào)告以兩個(gè)區(qū)域性反洗錢組織（FSRB）的前期研究、其他國際組織的工作及私營部門最近的舉措為基礎(chǔ)。本研究在評估野生動(dòng)物犯罪的洗錢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和展示各司法管轄區(qū)應(yīng)當(dāng)如何運(yùn)用FATF標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物方面作出了獨(dú)特的貢獻(xiàn)。本報(bào)告的調(diào)查結(jié)果是基于FATF全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)約50個(gè)司法管轄區(qū)的意見、以及私營部門和社會(huì)團(tuán)體的專業(yè)知識。

4. This study highlights that jurisdictions should view the proceeds generated by IWT as a global threat, rather than as a problem only for those jurisdictions where wildlife is illegally harvested, transited, or sold. In particular, criminals are frequently misusing the legitimate wildlife trade, as well as other import-export type businesses, as a front to move and hide illegal proceeds from wildlife crimes. They also rely regularly on corruption, complex fraud and tax evasion. Another key theme of this study is the growing role of online marketplaces and mobile and social media-based payments to facilitate movement of proceeds from wildlife crimes. These trends highlight the increasing importance of a coordinated response from public authorities, the private sector and civil society to identify and disrupt financial flows from IWT.

4、本研究強(qiáng)調(diào)，各司法管轄區(qū)應(yīng)當(dāng)將非法販賣野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生的犯罪收益視為一種全球威脅，而不僅僅是那些野生動(dòng)物被非法捕獵、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)或出售的司法管轄區(qū)自己的問題。特別是，犯罪分子經(jīng)常濫用合法的野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易和其他進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易，作為轉(zhuǎn)移和隱藏野生動(dòng)物犯罪非法收益的幌子。他們還經(jīng)常依賴腐敗、復(fù)雜的欺詐和逃稅。本研究的另一個(gè)關(guān)鍵主題是，在線市場和基于社交媒體的移動(dòng)支付在促進(jìn)野生動(dòng)物犯罪收益轉(zhuǎn)移方面發(fā)揮著越來越大的作用。這些趨勢表明，公共當(dāng)局、私營部門和社會(huì)團(tuán)體采取協(xié)調(diào)應(yīng)對措施以識別和破壞非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流的重要性日益增加。

5. As in prior studies, the FATF has found that despite IWT’s global impact, public and private sectors in many jurisdictions have to date not prioritised combatting the financial flows connected to IWT in line with risk. Jurisdictions often do not have the knowledge, legislative basis, and resources required to assess and combat the threat posed by these funds. This limited focus on the financial side of IWT has largely prevented jurisdictions from being able to identify and sanction IWT networks.

5、與以往的研究一樣，FATF發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管非法販賣野生動(dòng)物具有全球影響，但迄今為止，許多司法管轄區(qū)的公共和私營部門并未根據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況優(yōu)先開展打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流的行動(dòng)。各司法管轄區(qū)往往不具備評估和打擊這些資金流構(gòu)成的威脅所需的知識、法律基礎(chǔ)和資源。缺乏對非法販賣野生動(dòng)物金融方面的關(guān)注，在很大程度上阻礙了各司法管轄區(qū)識別和制裁非法販賣野生動(dòng)物網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

6. To address these challenges, jurisdictions should consider implementing the following good practices that were observed during the study:

6、為應(yīng)對這些挑戰(zhàn)，各司法管轄區(qū)應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮執(zhí)行本研究進(jìn)行期間發(fā)現(xiàn)的以下好的做法：

·         Prioritise combatting the financial flows associated with IWT proportionate to risk.

·         根據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況優(yōu)先開展打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流的行動(dòng)。

·         Provide all relevant agencies with the necessary mandate and tools to conduct successful financial investigations into IWT.

·         向所有相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)提供必要的授權(quán)和工具，以便對非法販賣野生動(dòng)物進(jìn)行成功的金融調(diào)查。

·         Improve co-ordination between authorities responsible for combatting wildlife crimes and those responsible for conducting financial investigations to ensure authorities more regularly exchange information and follow the financial trail.

·         改善負(fù)責(zé)打擊野生動(dòng)物犯罪的當(dāng)局與負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行金融調(diào)查的當(dāng)局之間的協(xié)調(diào)，以確保當(dāng)局更有規(guī)律地交換信息和跟蹤金融線索。

·         Cooperate with other jurisdictions, relevant international organisations and the private sector to combat IWT.

·         與其他司法管轄區(qū)、相關(guān)國際組織及私營部門合作，共同打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物。

7. A comprehensive list of proposed actions to strengthen measures to tackle the financial flows associated with IWT is included on pages 58 to 60 of this report.

7、本報(bào)告第58至60頁列出了建議采取的強(qiáng)化應(yīng)對非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流的措施的完整清單。

8. This study greatly improves the FATF Global Network’s understanding of the financial flows from IWT, including through presenting IWT risk indicators on pages 60 to 62 relevant for public authorities and the private sector. However, there is still work to be done. This report shows the need to further improve the FATF Global Network’s collective understanding of the risk relating to IWT, including work on the role of non-financial entities in combatting IWT financial flows, greater understanding of the differing geographic supply chains, and good practices to address unique challenges in managing assets recovered during wildlife crime investigations.

8、本研究通過在第60至62頁提出與公共當(dāng)局和私營部門相關(guān)的非法販賣野生動(dòng)物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)等一系列措施，極大地提高了FATF全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)對非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流的理解。然而，我們需要做的事情還有很多。本報(bào)告顯示了進(jìn)一步提高FATF全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)對非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的整體理解的必要性，包括就非金融機(jī)構(gòu)在打擊非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流方面的作用開展工作、更好地理解不同地域的供應(yīng)鏈、以及解決對野生動(dòng)物犯罪調(diào)查期間追回資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行管理的獨(dú)特挑戰(zhàn)的好的做法。

9. It is essential that jurisdictions maintain their focus on IWT financial flows to achieve meaningful progress in addressing the challenges identified in this study.

9、至關(guān)重要的是，各司法管轄區(qū)必須保持對非法販賣野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)資金流的關(guān)注，以便在應(yīng)對本研究查明的挑戰(zhàn)方面取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。

（注：本文封面圖片來源于FATF官方網(wǎng)站。）